When a woman is pregnant, their uterus has the ability to enlarge. As the pregnancy continues, the uterus pushes up higher into the abdominal cavity. As the baby grows, the abdominal organs press against the diaphragm which now it is in the thoracic cavity. Now that it is in the thoracic cavity a result from that is flaring of the ribs. From the production of the placenta a hormone called relaxin causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphsis to relax, widen, and become more flexible.
Physiological Changes
There are many different physiological changes that occur to the body when pregnant. Some include, systemic changes like volume homeostasis, blood, and cardio vascular system, respiratory changes, urinary tract and renal function, alimentary tract, reproductive organs, and endocrinological changes. The body has to change its homeostatic mechanisms, as well as the physiological mechanisms to make sure the fetus develops properly. Because of this, the increase in blood sugar, the volume of blood being pumped by the heart , and breathing are required.
Causes of birth defects
Birth defects have a variety of causes, such as: genetic problems caused when one or more genes doesn't work properly or part of a gene is missing, problems with chromosomes, such as having an extra chromosome or missing part of a chromosome, and environmental factors that a woman is exposed to during pregnancy or using drugs or alcohol during pregnancy.
Types of birth defects
Breach birth is when the baby is positioned to come out of the vagina feet or booty first which is ideal and can be caused by weak uterine muscles, lack of amniotic fluid, and or problems with the fetus. Premature births can be lead back to problems with the mother’s uterus or infection in membranes. Premature births can be very dangerous due to the fact that the baby might not be completely developed to withstand life without their mother. There are numbers of birth defects from alcohol, drugs, external damage to the baby’s developmental features, problems with gene combining of mother and father in DNA, and many more. Downsydrome is caused by extra genetic material from chromosome 21 from the mother that does not have a corresponding chromosome from the father to match it, resulting in an extra 21st chromosome (trisomy 21). This usually happens if the mother is over 35 years of age. The likelihood of a breech baby is 1 in 25 births
http://www.aboutbirthdefects.org/types/
http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=100641
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